三种洗涤剂对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪生长发育的影响

研究了三种家用洗涤剂对黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus Schneider)蝌蚪生长发育的影响。结果表明,三种洗涤剂对蝌蚪均有毒害作用.在急性实验中,洗衣粉和洗洁精对蝌蚪的72h半致死浓度LC50分别为52.7mg/L和51.4mg/L;在慢性实验中,对蝌蚪外观形体的影响主要表现为身体畸形和皮肤透明,而对蝌蚪红细胞的影响表现在其微核率与浓度和时间有一定的相关性。     

Effects of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus on Individual Survival Probability in Wild Boreal Toads

Abstract: Chytridiomycosis is linked to the worldwide decline of amphibians, yet little is known about the demographic effects of the disease. We collected capture–recapture data on three populations of boreal toads (Bufo boreas [Bufo = Anaxyrus]) in the Rocky Mountains (U.S.A.). Two of the populations were infected with chytridiomycosis and one was not. We examined the effect of the presence of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]; the agent of chytridiomycosis) on survival probability and population growth rate. Toads that were infected with Bd had lower average annual survival probability than uninfected individuals at sites where Bd was detected, which suggests chytridiomycosis may reduce survival by 31–42% in wild boreal toads. Toads that were negative for Bd at infected sites had survival probabilities comparable to toads at the uninfected site. Evidence that environmental covariates (particularly cold temperatures during the breeding season) influenced toad survival was weak. The number of individuals in diseased populations declined by 5–7%/year over the 6 years of the study, whereas the uninfected population had comparatively stable population growth. Our data suggest that the presence of Bd in these toad populations is not causing rapid population declines. Rather, chytridiomycosis appears to be functioning as a low‐level, chronic disease whereby some infected individuals survive but the overall population effects are still negative. Our results show that some amphibian populations may be coexisting with Bd and highlight the importance of quantitative assessments of survival in diseased animal populations.     

铅暴露对中华大蟾蜍耳后腺分泌蟾蜍甾烯的影响

采用半静水式实验方法,研究Pb~(2+)暴露30 d对中华大蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor)生理状态和耳后腺分泌蟾蜍甾烯水平的影响。结果表明,随Pb~(2+)浓度(0.68~5.46 mg·L~(-1))升高,蜕皮和自发活动减少,存活率下降。进一步采用液相-质谱检测技术发现,0.68 mg·L~(-1)Pb~(2+)暴露下,10种蟾蜍甾烯水平出现1.5倍以上变化。5.46 mg·L~(-1)Pb~(2+)暴露下,17种蟾蜍甾烯水平发生下调(1.5倍),其中bufarenogin水平显著下降(P0.05),其他物质水平与对照组无显著性差异。这说明Pb~(2+)暴露对蟾蜍耳后腺中蟾蜍甾烯物质具有潜在影响。     

杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性影响

采用静态换水法研究了杀虫剂敌敌畏（dichlorvos，DDVP）对黑眶蟾蜍（Bufo melanostictus）蝌蚪的急性毒性和生长发育、生理活动的影响．结果表明，DDVP对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的96h半数致死浓度（LC50，96h）为51．61mg／L．暴露于2．24mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低24．9％和9．5％，并引起黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带数和强弱发生改变，抑制了蝌蚪的酯酶同工酶活性，而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）比活受到的影响相对较小．暴露于6．72mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低27．0％和38．8％，酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带的强弱发生明显的改变，SOD酶比活明显低于对照组．说明杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪可造成一定的毒性影响．图2表4参22     

Modeling amphibian energetics, habitat suitability, and movements of western toads, Anaxyrus (=Bufo) boreas, across present and future landscapes

Effective conservation of amphibian populations requires the prediction of how amphibians use and move through a landscape. Amphibians are closely coupled to their physical environment. Thus an approach that uses the physiological attributes of amphibians, together with knowledge of their natural history, should be helpful. We used Niche Mapper™ to model the known movements and habitat use patterns of a population of Western toads (Anaxyrus (=Bufo) boreas) occupying forested habitats in southeastern Idaho. Niche Mapper uses first principles of environmental biophysics to combine features of topography, climate, land cover, and animal features to model microclimates and animal physiology and behavior across landscapes. Niche Mapper reproduced core body temperatures (T_c) and evaporation rates of live toads with average errors of 1.6 ± 0.4 °C and 0.8 ± 0.2 g/h, respectively. For four different habitat types, it reproduced similar mid-summer daily temperature patterns as those measured in the field and calculated evaporation rates (g/h) with an average error rate of 7.2 ± 5.5%. Sensitivity analyses indicate these errors do not significantly affect estimates of food consumption or activity. Using Niche Mapper we predicted the daily habitats used by free-ranging toads; our accuracy for female toads was greater than for male toads (74.2 ± 6.8% and 53.6 ± 15.8%, respectively), reflecting the stronger patterns of habitat selection among females. Using these changing to construct a cost surface, we also reconstructed movement paths that were consistent with field observations. The effect of climate warming on toads depends on the interaction of temperature and atmospheric moisture. If climate change occurs as predicted, results from Niche Mapper suggests that climate warming will increase the physiological cost of landscapes thereby limiting the activity for toads in different habitats.     

镉对中华蟾蜍蝌蚪生长、变态和Dios、TRs表达以及肝脏的影响

镉(cadmium,Cd)是一种典型的工业毒素和环境污染物,对两栖类生物具有强烈的毒性作用。为了探讨镉对两栖类生物的毒害作用,选择中华蟾蜍蝌蚪作为受试生物,研究了不同浓度Cd对中华蟾蜍蝌蚪生长、变态和Dios、TRs表达以及肝脏的的影响,结果表明,500μg·L~(~(-1))Cd可以极显著降低蝌蚪的变态率、全长、尾长和体重(P0.01);Real-time PCR结果显示,在变态高峰期,500μg·L~(~(-1))Cd可以显著下调Dio2、TRα和TRβ mRNA的相对表达量(P0.05),显著上调Dio3 mRNA的相对表达量(P0.05);透射电镜试验结果显示Cd可以破坏中华蟾蜍蝌蚪肝脏细胞胞浆中的细胞器和胆管中的微绒毛。综合以上结果,可知,高浓度的Cd可以紊乱甲状腺的内分泌和导致肝脏的病变,进而影响中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的生长和变态。     

Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to embryonic and larval amphibians: variation in sensitivity among species

Stormwater ponds have become common features of modern development and often represent significant amounts of open space in urbanized areas. Although stormwater ponds may provide habitat for wildlife, factors responsible for producing variation in wildlife use of ponds have received limited attention. To investigate the role of variation in species tolerances of pollutants in structuring pond-breeding amphibian assemblages, we exposed species tolerant (Bufo americanus) and not tolerant (Rana sylvatica) of urbanization to pond sediments in laboratory microcosms. Pond microcosms had elevated sediment metal levels and chloride water concentrations. Among R. sylvatica embryos, exposure to pond sediments resulted in 100% mortality. In contrast, B. americanus embryos and larvae experienced only sublethal effects (i.e., reduced size at metamorphosis) due to pond sediment exposure. Our results suggest variation in pollutant tolerance among early developmental stages of amphibians may act in concert with terrestrial habitat availability to structure amphibian assemblages associated with stormwater ponds.     

Use of Stress‐Hormone Levels and Habitat Selection to Assess Functional Connectivity of a Landscape for an Amphibian

Abstract: The influence of landscape matrix on functional connectivity has been clearly established. Now methods to assess the effects of different land uses on species’ movements are needed because current methods are often biased. The use of physiological parameters as indicators of the level of resistance to animal movement associated with different land uses (i.e., matrix resistance) could provide estimates of energetic costs and risks to animals migrating through the matrix. To assess whether corticosterone levels indicate matrix resistance, we conducted experiments on substrate choice and measured levels of corticosterone before and after exposure of toads (Bufo bufo) to 3 common substrates (ploughed soil, meadow, and forest litter). We expected matrix resistance and hormone levels to increase from forest litter (habitat of the toad) to meadows to ploughed soil. Adult toads had higher corticosterone levels on ploughed soil than on forest litter or meadow substrates. Hormone levels did not differ between forest litter and meadow. Toads avoided moving onto ploughed soil. Corticosterone levels in juvenile toads were not related to substrate type; however, hormone levels decreased as humidity increased. Juveniles, unlike adults, did not avoid moving over ploughed soil. The difference in responses between adult and juvenile toads may have been due to differences in experimental design (for juveniles, entire body used to measure corticosterone concentration; for adults, saliva alone); differences in the scale of sensory perception of the substrate (juveniles are much smaller than adults); or differences in cognitive processes between adult and juvenile toads. Adults probably had experience with different substrate types, whereas juveniles first emerging from the water probably did not. As a consequence, arable lands could act as ecological traps for juvenile toads.     

The role of the egg jelly coat in protecting<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyla regilla</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bufo canorus</Emphasis> embryos from ultraviolet B radiation during development

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation may play a role in amphibian population declines. Some of these studies also indicate that egg hatching success is unaltered in some species of anurans as a result of UVB exposure. It has been proposed that the egg mass jelly provides photoprotection to the developing embryos. METHODS: Direct spectrophotometric scans of egg jelly, scans of egg jelly methanol extracts, and experimental manipulation in a solar simulator during development were all used to assess the role of egg mass jelly as a photoprotective agent. RESULTS/DISCUSSION: For Hyla regilla, scans of egg jelly and methanolic extracts (for mycosporine-like amino acid content) both displayed no absorption in the UV range. Experimental manipulation (removal of egg mass jelly) with both Hyla regilla and Bufo canorus egg masses in a solar simulator demonstrated that egg mass jelly played no apparent role in photoprotection of either of these species. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results in this study it seems unlikely that the egg jelly coat is playing a crucial role in protecting developing embryos from the impact of UVB radiation.